Initial pre-induction stages utilize compounds like nicotinamide, -mercaptoethanol, and retinoic acid, followed by exposure to high-glucose Dulbeccos Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with growth factors such as activin A, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), or epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Gastrointestinal side effects may be intensified when these medications are used together
Beyond the extensively studied NRF2 pathway, which has been developed as a therapeutic target [502, 503], the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway also plays a crucial role in cell survival and metabolism
These can signal deeper impacts such as electrolyte imbalance , low-grade inflammation , or hydration issues (Nurseslabs, USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, San Francisco Chronicle)